IGPs
Internal Gateway Protocols
Routing
Cisco IOS Commands
Cisco Command
Juniper Command
Co-Ordinating Definition
show run
sh configuration
Show running configuration
sh ver
sh ver
Show version
show ip interface brief
show interface terse
displays the status of interfaces configured for IP
show interface [intfc]
show interfaces [intfc] detail
displays the interface configuration, status and statistics.
show controller intfc
show interfaces intfc extensive
displays information about a physical port device
show interface | incl (proto|Desc)
show interfaces description
displays the interface configuration, status and statistics
show ip route
show route
displays summary information about entries in the routing table
show ip bgp summary
show bgp summary
displays the status of all Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) connections
show ip bgp net mask
show route protocol bgp prefix
will show you how that route is being advertised, look for the first line
show ip bgp net mask longer-prefixes
show route range prefix
will show you how that route is being advertised, look for the first line
show ip bgp regexp AS-regexp
show route aspath-regexp "AS-regexp"
displays routes matching the autonomous system (AS) path regular expression
show ip bgp neighbors neigh received-routes
show route receive-protocol bgp neigh show route source-gateway neigh protocol bgp
Shows whether a neighbor supports the route refresh capability
show ip bgp neighbor neigh advertised-routes
show route advertising-protocol bgp neigh
Shows whether a neighbor supports the route refresh capability
show clns neighbors
show isis adjacency
displays both ES and IS neighbors
show clns interface
show isis interface
shows specific information about each interface
show ip route isis
show isis routes
displays the current state of the the routing table
show isis topology
show isis spf
displays a list of all connected routers in all areas
show ip ospf interface
show ospf neighbor
shows neighbor ID, Priority, IP, & State if the neighbor router, dead time.
show ip ospf interface
show ospf interface
shows neighbor id, pri, state, dead time, address and interface
show ip route ospf
show ospf route
display the current state of the routing table
show ip ospf database
show ospf database
display list of information related to the OSPF database for a specific communication server
show version
show version, show system uptime
display the system hardware config., software version, and name and source of configuration files and boot images
show diags
show chasis hardware
displays power-on diagnostics status
show processes cpu
show system process
displays utilization statistics
show tech-support
request support info
displays the current software image, configuration, controllers, counters, stacks, interfaces, memory and buffers
show logging
show log messages
display the state of logging to the syslog
show route-map name
show policy name
displayall route-maps configured or only the one specified
show ip prefix-list name
show policy name
display information about a prefix list or prefix list entries
show ip community-list list
configure, show policy-options community name
display routes that are permitted by BGP community list
show environment all
show chassis environment
displays temperature and voltage information on the console
ping dest
ping dest rapid (for cisco like output) ping dest (for unix like output)
to check to see if a destination is alive
ping (setting source int)
ping dest bypass-routing
to check to see if a destination is alive
terminal monitor
monitor start messages
Change console terminal settings
terminal no monitor
monitor stop
Change console terminal settings
terminal length 0
set cli screen-length 0
sets the length for displaying command output
Configuring Basic Router Settings
Step 1. Name the device. This changes the router prompt and helps distinguish the device from others.
Step 2. Secure management access. Specifically, secure the privileged EXEC, user EXEC, and Telnet access, and encrypt passwords to their highest level.
Step 3. Configure a banner. Although optional, this is a recommended step to provide legal notice to anyone attempting to access the device.
Step 4. Save the configuration.
Scenario: Configuring R1 Settings
Configuring an IPv4 Router Interface
Step 1. Add a description. Although optional, it is a necessary component for documenting a network.
Step 2. Configure the IPv4 address.
Step 3. Configure a clock rate on Serial interfaces. This is only necessary on the DCE device in our lab environment and does not apply to Ethernet interfaces.
Step 4. Enable the interface.
Configuring an IPv4 Loopback Interface
Another common configuration of Cisco IOS routers is enabling a loopback interface.
The loopback interface is a logical interface internal to the router. It is not assigned to a physical port and can therefore never be connected to any other device. It is considered a software interface that is automatically placed in an “up/up” state, as long as the router is functioning.
Step 1. Create the loopback interface using the interface loopback number global configuration command.
Step 2. Add a description. Although optional, it is a necessary component for documenting a network.
Step 3. Configure the IP address.
Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks
Verify Interface Settings
There are several show commands that can be used to verify the operation and configuration of an interface. The following three commands are especially useful to quickly identify an interface status:
show ip interface brief: Displays a summary for all interfaces, including the IPv4 address of the interface and current operational status.
show interfaces: Displays interface information and packet flow count for all interfaces on the device
show ip route: Displays the contents of the IPv4 routing table stored in RAM. In Cisco IOS 15, active interfaces should appear in the routing table with two related entries identified by the code 'C' (Connected) or 'L' (Local). In previous IOS versions, only a single entry with the code 'C' will appear.
show running-config interface interface-id: Displays the commands configured on the specified interface.
Command History Feature
Show Current Configuration
Static Routing
Static routing – Static routing is a process in which we have to manually add routes to the routing table. Advantages –
No routing overhead for router CPU which means a cheaper router can be used to do routing.
It adds security because only administrators can allow routing to particular networks only.
No bandwidth usage between routers.
Disadvantage –
For a large network, it is a hectic task for administrators to manually add each route for the network in the routing table on each router.
The administrator should have good knowledge of the topology. If a new administrator comes, then he has to manually add each route so he should have very good knowledge of the routes of the topology.
Configuration –
R1 having IP address 172.16.10.6/30 on s0/0/1, 192.168.10.1/24 on fa0/0. R2 having IP address 172.16.10.2/30 on s0/0/0, 192.168.20.1/24 on fa0/0. R3 having IP address 172.16.10.5/30 on s0/1, 172.16.10.1/30 on s0/0, 10.10.10.1/24 on fa0/0.
Now configuring static routes for router R3:
Here, provided the route for 192.168.10.0 network where 192.168.10.0 is its network I’d and 172.16.10.2 and 172.16.10.6 are the next hop address. Now, configuring for R2:
Similarly for R1:
Default Routing
This is the method where the router is configured to send all packets towards a single router (next hop). It doesn’t matter to which network the packet belongs, it is forwarded out to router which is configured for default routing. It is generally used with stub routers. A stub router is a router that has only one route to reach all other networks. Configuration – Using the same topology which we have used for the static routing before.
In this topology, R1 and R2 are stub routers so we can configure default routing for both these routers. Configuring default routing for R1:
Now configuring default routing for R2:
Static Route to Interface without Next Hop IP Address
If you point a static route to an interface and do not specify the next-hop IP address, the route is inserted into the routing table only when the interface is active. This configuration is not recommended because when the static route points to an interface and has no next-hop information, the router considers each of the hosts within the range of the route to be directly connected through that interface. An example of such a static route is IP route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Ethernet0.
With this type of configuration, a router performs Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) on the Ethernet for every destination that the router finds through the default route because the router considers all of these destinations as directly connected to Ethernet 0. This kind of static route, especially if it is used by many packets to many different destination subnets, can cause high processor utilization and a very large ARP cache (along with memory allocation failures). Therefore, this kind of static route is not recommended.
When you specify the next-hop address on a directly connected interface, the router does not perform ARP for each destination address. An example is ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Ethernet0 192.168.1.1. You can specify the directly connected next-hop address only, but this is not recommended for reasons that are described in this document. You do not need to specify the directly connected next-hop address. You can specify the remote next-hop address and the interface to which the remote next-hop recurses.
If there is the possibility that the interface with the next hop goes down and the next hop would become reachable through a recursive route, then you should specify both the next-hop IP address and the alternate interface through which the next hop should be found. For example, ip route 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 Serial 3/3 192.168.20.1. The addition of the alternate interface enables the static route installation to become more deterministic.
Floating Static Route Example
This example describes the use of floating static routes and illustrates the need to both specify the outbound interface and the next hop address with the static route command.
Problem
With the network configuration that is illustrated in the next image, one host 172.31.10.1 has connectivity to the Internet. In this example, the host makes a connection to the remote Internet host 10.100.1.1:
Configuring R1 Static route (10.0.0.0/30)
Connect serial link with all.
Route Summarization
Route summarization is a method where we create one summary route that represents multiple networks/subnets. It’s also called route aggregation or supernetting.
Summarization has a number of advantages:
Saves memory: routing tables will be smaller which reduces memory requirements.
Saves bandwidth: there are less routes to advertise so we save some bandwidth.
Saves CPU cycles: less packets to process and smaller routing tables to work on.
Stability: Prevents routing table instability due to flapping networks.
There are also some disadvantages to summarization:
Forwarding traffic for unused networks: a router will drop traffic when it doesn’t have a matching destination in its routing table. When we use summarization, it’s possible that the summary route covers networks that are not in use. The router that has a summary route will forward them to the router that has advertised the summary route.
Sub-optimal routing: routers prefer the path with the longest prefix match. When you use summaries, it’s possible that your router prefers another path where it has learned a more specific network from. The summary route also has a single metric.
Configuration
This is the topology we will use:
For now, we only need two routers. R1 has four loopback interfaces that we will advertise in RIP. I’ll show you a “before” and “after” of route summarization.
Route summarization is a method where we create one summary route that represents multiple networks/subnets. It's also called route aggregation or supernetting. Summarization has a number of advantages: Saves memory: routing tables will be smaller which reduces memory requirements. Saves bandwidth: t
Without Route Summarization
Let’s configure RIP so that all loopback interfaces are advertised:
Let’s enable a debug so that we can see what is going on behind the scenes:
Here’s what we will see:
R1 is advertising four different networks. R2 receives them:
The more information we advertise, the more bandwidth we require and more CPU cycles are required to process them. Of course, four networks on a Gigabit interface are no problem but in larger networks, there might be thousands or hundred of thousands of networks that are advertised.
Let’s check R2:
R2 stores all networks in its routing table which requires memory.
Let’s talk about stability. Let me show you what happens when we shut one of the loopback interfaces on R1:
As soon as this happens, R1 will send a triggered update to R2:
R2 receives this update:
After a while, R2 will remove this network from its routing table. Every time an interface goes up and down, packets are generated and the routing table will change. All of this requires bandwidth, CPU cycles, and memory. No problem for our small network but when you have thousands of networks and dozens of routers then it’s a different story.
With Route Summarization
Let’s see how route summarization works. I’ll configure R1 to advertise a summary towards R2:
Here’s what R1 advertises now:
And here’s what R2 receives:
Only one network is advertised, our summary route. Less information, less bandwidth, less CPU cycles required and less memory. Here’s the routing table of R2:
Only one entry remains. R2 is still able to reach every network that our summary route covers. Let’s try this:
This is looking good. Let me also show you one of the disadvantages of summarization. Here’s what happens when we ping an IP address that is covered by the summary route but which is not available:
The U means it’s unreachable. R2 has a matching route towards R1 so it sends these packets to R1. When R1 receives them, it drops them since it doesn’t have a matching entry and informs R2 about this.
Remember what happened when we shut one of the loopback interface? RIP would send a triggered update. Let’s try that again:
Nothing will happen now! As long as there is one interface up with an IP address that falls within the summary route then the summary will be advertised. This makes our network far more stable.
Let me show you what happens when I shut the remaining loopbacks:
Once I shut the last loopback, something happens:
Once the final loopback interface is gone, R1 sends the triggered update to inform R2 that the summary route is gone. Here’s R2:
There is one more disadvantage to summarization but to demonstrate this, I will have to add another router. Let’s add R3:
We use the same topology but R1 and R2 are now also connected to R3. Let’s make sure our loopback interfaces are up again:
Let’s configure R1 so that it sends RIP packets to R3:
The access-list on R1 is required to prevent R1 from installing any RIP routes from R3. Otherwise the summary route is advertised from R1 > R2 > R3 > R1, causing a routing loop.
Let’s configure R2:
And R3:
Now let’s take a look at the routing tables:
Above you can see that R3 learns the summary route from R2, all other networks are learned from R1. Let’s check R2:
Above you can see that we now have sub-optimal routing on R2. Since the router prefers the most specific path, it will use R3 to reach the four 172.16.x.0/24 networks and it’s not using the summary route from R1. We can verify this with a traceroute:
Dynamic Routing Protocols
Dynamic routing is a networking technique that provides optimal data routing. Unlike static routing, dynamic routing enables routers to select paths according to real-time logical network layout changes.
Dynamic routing uses multiple algorithms and protocols. The most popular are Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), and EIGRP.
Dynamic routing protocols allow routers to share information about the network with other routers to allow them to select the best path to reach a destination.
IGP = Interior Gateway Protocol
EGP = Exterior Gateway Protocol
IGP - Single Area OSPF
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol that is used to find the best path between the source and the destination router using its own Shortest Path First).
OSPF terms –
Router I’d – It is the highest active IP address present on the router. First, highest loopback address is considered. If no loopback is configured then the highest active IP address on the interface of the router is considered.
Router priority – It is a 8 bit value assigned to a router operating OSPF, used to elect DR and BDR in a broadcast network.
Designated Router (DR) – It is elected to minimize the number of adjacency formed. DR distributes the LSAs to all the other routers. DR is elected in a broadcast network to which all the other routers shares their DBD. In a broadcast network, router requests for an update to DR and DR will respond to that request with an update.
Backup Designated Router (BDR) – BDR is backup to DR in a broadcast network. When DR goes down, BDR becomes DR and performs its functions.
DR and BDR election – DR and BDR election takes place in broadcast network or multi-access network. Here are the criteria for the election:
Router having the highest router priority will be declared as DR.
If there is a tie in router priority then highest router I’d will be considered. First, the highest loopback address is considered. If no loopback is configured then the highest active IP address on the interface of the router is considered.
OSPF states – The device operating OSPF goes through certain states. These states are:
Down – In this state, no hello packet have been received on the interface. Note – The Down state doesn’t mean that the interface is physically down. Here, it means that OSPF adjacency process has not started yet.
INIT – In this state, hello packet have been received from the other router.
2WAY – In the 2WAY state, both the routers have received the hello packets from other routers. Bidirectional connectivity has been established. Note – In between the 2WAY state and Exstart state, the DR and BDR election takes place.
Exstart – In this state, NULL DBD are exchanged.In this state, master and slave election take place. The router having the higher router I’d becomes the master while other becomes the slave. This election decides Which router will send it’s DBD first (routers who have formed neighbourship will take part in this election).
Exchange – In this state, the actual DBDs are exchanged.
Loading – In this sate, LSR, LSU and LSA (Link State Acknowledgement) are exchanged. Important – When a router receives DBD from other router, it compares it’s own DBD with the other router DBD. If the received DBD is more updated than its own DBD then the router will send LSR to the other router stating what links are needed. The other router replies with the LSU containing the updates that are needed. In return to this, the router replies with the Link State Acknowledgement.
Full – In this state, synchronization of all the information takes place. OSPF routing can begin only after the Full state.
OSPF messages – OSPF uses certain messages for the communication between the routers operating OSPF.
Hello message – These are keep alive messages used for neighbor discovery /recovery. These are exchanged in every 10 seconds. This include following information : Router I’d, Hello/dead interval, Area I’d, Router priority, DR and BDR IP address, authentication data.
Database Description (DBD) – It is the OSPF routes of the router. This contains topology of an AS or an area (routing domain).
Link state request (LSR) – When a router receive DBD, it compares it with its own DBD. If the DBD received has some more updates than its own DBD then LSR is being sent to its neighbor.
Link state update (LSU) – When a router receives LSR, it responds with LSU message containing the details requested.
Link state acknowledgement – This provides reliability to the link state exchange process. It is sent as the acknowledgement of LSU.
Link state advertisement (LSA) – It is an OSPF data packet that contains link-state routing information, shared only with the routers to which adjacency has been formed.
Note – Link State Advertisement and Link State Acknowledgement both are different messages.
Timers –
Hello timer – The interval in which OSPF router sends a hello message on an interface. It is 10 seconds by default.
Dead timer – The interval in which the neighbor will be declared dead if it is not able to send the hello packet . It is 40 seconds by default.It is usually 4 times the hello interval but can be configured manually according to need.
OSPF supports/provides/advantages –
Both IPv4 and IPv6 routed protocols
Load balancing with equal cost routes for same destination
VLSM and route summarization
Unlimited hop counts
Trigger updates for fast convergence
A loop free topology using SPF algorithm
Run on most routers
Classless protocol
OSPF Administrative Distance Values
For Best Path selection, Administrative Distance(Preference) values are very important. Every Routing Protocol has an AD value. The Administrative Distance (Preference) of the Open Shortest Path First is 110 for Cisco devices. This is a little different for Alcatel-Lucent, Huawei and Juniper devices. They use Interneal and External Preference values for Open Shortest Path First. Preference value is 10 for Internal OSPF Routes and 150 for External OSPF Routes on the devices of these vendors.
Open Shortest Path First Cost
Open Shortest Path First uses path Cost as its metric. Generally, Bandwidth value is used as path Cost. AS a formula, the Cost is calculated like below in OSPF:
Cost = Reference BW(default 10 000 000) / BW
Configuring OSPF
USE SERIAL LINK NOT LIKE IMG
Configure Router Interfaces
Router A
Router B
Configure Interfaces for The other routers.
Enabling the OSPF Routing Protocol
The following command is needed in order to enable OSPF routing protocol on the router:
Configuring OSPF Router ID
Each Router in an OSPF network needs a unique OSPF Router ID. The OSPF Router ID is used to provide a unique identity to the OSPF Router.
Adding OSPF Networks
Enabling OSPF is not enough to activate it. The OSPF process needs to know the networks that are going to be advertised. After enabling OSPF process on our Cisco Router A, then, we will add our networks that will be in OSPF network with their wildcard masks.
We can either add the networks one by one, Or if we want all networks use 0.0.0.0 for All.
Router A
Saving OSPF Config
A # copy running-config startup-config
Repeat for the Other Routers
OSPF verification of single area
Configuring Advanced Options
A few advanced options can be useful in administrating OSPF, though they are not necessary for OSPF normal operation. These options include:
Configuring a loopback interface Specifying the router ID (RID)Manipulating the cost command changing the routers priority
Configuring the Cost of an Interface
As already mentioned, the OSPF process assigns cost values to interfaces based on the inverse of the bandwidth parameter assigned to the interface with the bandwidth command.
For calculating the SPF to a given destination, the router takes into consideration the costs of the links along various paths. The path with the lower cost is selected as the shortest path.
To force the router to pick up a certain path, manual setting of the cost on a link along the path can be achieved using the following command:
Higher bandwidth has a lower cost. Lower bandwidth has a higher cost.
Lowest cost = Higher Path Priority (Shortest)
DR - BDR Election
DR and BDR election is done via the Hello protocol. Hello packets are exchanged via IP multicast packets (Appendix B) on each segment. The router with the highest OSPF priority on a segment will become the DR for that segment. The same process is repeated for the BDR. In case of a tie, the router with the highest RID will win.
Saving OSPF Config
A # copy running-config startup-config / write mem
IGP - MultiArea OSPF
OSPF Database
LSA/Area Types
LSA Types
LSA Type 1: Router LSA.
LSA Type 2: Network LSA.
LSA Type 3: Summary LSA.
LSA Type 4: Summary ASBR LSA.
LSA Type 5: Autonomous system external LSA.
LSA Type 6: Multicast OSPF LSA.
LSA Type 7: Not-so-stubby area LSA.
LSA Type 8: External attribute LSA for BGP.
LSA TYPE 1 – OSPF ROUTER LSA
LSA Type 1 (Router LSA) packets are sent between routers within the same area of origin and do not leave the area. An OSPF router uses LSA Type 1 packets to describe its own interfaces but also carries information about its neighbors to adjacent routers in the same area.
LSA TYPE 2 – OSPF NETWORK LSA
LSA Type 2 (Network LSA) packets are generated by the Designated Router (DR) to describe all routers connected to its segment directly. LSA Type 2 packets are flooded between neighbors in the same area of origin and remain within that area.
LSA TYPE 3 – OSPF SUMMARY LSA
LSA Type 3 (Summary LSA) packets are generated by Area Border Routers (ABR) to summarize its directly connected area, and advertise inter-area router information to other areas the ABR is connected to, with the use of a summary prefix (e.g 192.168.0.0/22). LSA Type 3 packets are flooded to multiple areas throughout the network and help with OSPF’s scalability with the use of summary prefixes
LSA TYPE 4 – OSPF ASBR SUMMARY LSA
LSA Type 4 (ASBR Summary LSA) packets are the LSAs that advertise the presence of an Autonomous System Border Router (ASBR) to other areas. In the example below when R2 (ABR) receives the LSA Type 1 packet from R1 it will create a LSA Type 4 (Summary ASBR LSA) packet, which advertises the ASBR route received from Area 1, and inject it into Area 0.
LSA TYPE 5 – OSPF ASBR EXTERNAL LSA
LSA Type 5 (ASBR External LSA) packets are generated by the ASBR to advertise external redistributed routes into the OSPF’s AS. A typical example of an LSA Type 5 would be an external prefix e.g 192.168.10.0/24 or default route (internet) as shown below:
LSA TYPE 6 – OSPF GROUP MEMBERSHIP LSA
LSA Type 6 (Group Membership LSA) packets were designed for Multicast OSPF (MOSPF), a protocol that supports multicast routing through OSPF. MOSPF is not supported by Cisco and is not widely used and is expected to be retired soon.
LSA TYPE 7 – OSPF NOT SO STUBBY AREA (NSSA) EXTERNAL LSA
LSA Type 7 (NSSA External LSA) packets are used for some special area types that do not allow external distributed routes to go through and thus block LSA Type 5 packets from flooding through them, LSA Type 7 packets act as a mask for LSA Type 5 packets to allow them to move through these special areas and reach the ABR that is able to translate LSA Type 7 packets back to LSA Type 5 packets.
LSA TYPE 8 - OSPF EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTES LSA (OSPFV2) / LINK LOCAL LSA (OSPFV3)
LSA Type 8 packets (External Attributes LSA -OSPFv2-/ Link Local LSA -OSPFv3-) in OSPFv2 (IPv4) are called External Attribute LSAs, and are used to transit BGP attributes through an OSPF network while BGP destinations are conveyed via LSA Type 5 packets, however, this feature isn’t supported by most routers. With OSPFv3 IPv6), LSA Type 8 is redefined to carry IPv6 information through OSPF network.
Implementing Multi-Area OSPF
Advertisements
Advertise all respective networks for R4, R5, R6, and R7 which reside in the OSPF domain. (Note: Not all the networks reside in the same area)
Transit Area - Virtual Link
In this scenario - Area 1 is the transit Area
In order for Area 2 to form part of the Multi-Area OSPF
A Virtual Link must be created
Virtual Link will make the scenario as if Area 1 doesn't exist, thus makes Area 2 was directly connected with R4 (Backbone /ABR)
R4R5 - Repeat Steps on Other Side.Route Summarization for Different AreaMust Advertise each loopback individually for the same area.
However, for Advertising R2 Loopbacks in Area 1, Advertise the route summary of Loopbacks on ABR (R4).
DO - Summary on the ABR Router - LSA Type 3
LSA Type 3 = Multi Area
LSA Type 1 & 2 = Same Area
LSA TYPE 2 = Is related to DR BDR.
In this Scenario, R2 Loopbacks will be learned by R6 via LSA Type 1.
But R5 will learn the Loopbacks summary via R4 via an LSA type 3.
R4R5Stub ConfigurationStub
Totally Stub ConfigurationOn the ABR
IGP - EIGRP
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyymlFWDEgM
EIGRP-Named-Mode
This image is a sample topology
Now, similarly configuring EIGRP for GfGNoida, the networks to be advertised are 10.10.20.0/24, 10.10.30.0/24, 172.16.10.0/30
This is a simple configuration in which user has to write the network I’d of the network to be advertised with network command.
Verify the EIGRP process
EGRIP Implementation 2 - /w Process ID
Configure EIGRP
EIGRP on R1, R2, R3 and R4, whilst also injecting the static route which was preconfigured on R8 into the EIGRP domain. Keep in mind to adhere to the following:
Advertise all respective networks for R1, R2, R3 and R4 which reside in the EIGRP domain.
Verify the EIGRP process
Advanced configuration
Configure EIGRP Manual Summarization
To establish EIGRP manual summarization on a specific EIGRP interface, use the following interface configuration mode command:
Fine-tune EIGRP interface
Bandwidth utilization
Hello and hold timers
EIGRP load balancing
EIGRP-Advanced Configuration and troubleshootingfrankfu.click
Redistribution & Route-Filtering
Scenario 👽
Implement 2-way redistribution and in turn advertise all networks in both routing domains. Keep in mind to adhere to the following:
Objectives
1st part = Implementing IGP (Dynamic) = OSPF/EIGRP
Configure EIGRP on R4 and R1 and accurately advertise all relevant networks that reside in the EIGRP domain
Configure single area OSPF on R1, R2, and R3 and accurately advertise all relevant networks that reside in the OSPF domain.
Inject OSPF routes into EIGRP, so that R4 is able to learn about networks which were originally advertised via OSPF. Note: such networks are displayed as “D EX”.
Inject EIGRP routes into OSPF, so that R2 and R3 are able to learn about networks which were originally advertised via EIGRP. Note: such networks are displayed as “O E2”.
Route Filtering
Implement route filtering to limit the networks which should be received by R1 and injected in both routing domains. Keep in mind to adhere to the following:
Objectives
R1 should only learn about R4’s Lo1, Lo3 and Lo4 networks via EIGRP. Note: Network advertisements should be restricted at source.
Only R4's Lo1 and Lo3 networks should be injected into OSPF domain, with a modified metric of 30 and 40, respectively. (Method to be used: Route maps without distribute list)
Only R2's Lo2 and Lo3 networks should be injected into the EIGRP domain. (Method to be used: Distribute list using ACLs)
R3 should only have routes to reach R4’s Lo1 and R2’s Lo2 networks
Source-based Routing
Source-based routing, often referred to as policy routing, is used when the source IP address of the connection determines, in part or completely, which route is used. Source-based routing can be used to ensure that traffic is sent via a specific connection.
Routing decision based on SOURCE,
Traditional routing is based on destination.
Imagine this scenario below
At school, we have two ISPs - Source-based routing what will do is, For example, Admin Vlan traffic will pass through the GO route and HR VLAN Traffic will go through Melita Route. This is source-based routing.
Scenario 2
Configure Source-based routing on R1 so that Admin PC uses the upper path and HR Path uses the path on the bottom.
Note the upper path has a shorter distance due to the Faster e cable and the bottom path uses two serial cables which are slower.
Configuration on R1 - Using ROUTE MAPS and attach ACL to it.
Scenario
Flow
Implementation
Note
Scenario - HR Subnet traffic will pass via the botton link now, however, when it reaches R4, the route back will not come back using the same path since from there R4 can see it's slower,
So the traffic back will come from the upper path, And this is called Asymmetric Routing.
GRE Tunneling
What is and why.
Scenario
This topology has 3 routers, part of EIGRP, however, the loopbacks are not. Advertise the loop backs to R3 only via OSPF.
And to do this, we can create a GRE Tunnel that will use the OSPF.
So R2 (ISP) won't see the loopbacks, because they're not advertised via EIGRP. They will only get advertised to R3 via OSPF.
Step 1
Step 2
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